注意焦点反馈对不同性质任务学习影响的实验研究

Effects of Attention Focus' Feedback on Learning Different Tasks

该研究目的是调查注意焦点反馈对不同性质任务(认知技能和运动技能)学习的影响。本文设置2个实验:计算机模拟和足球教学实验。计算机模拟实验中的68名大学生进行了包含7个组块的1次课的任务练习,2 d后进行保持测试。而足球教学实验中的48名大学生进行了3周6次课的任务练习,1周后进行保持和迁移测试。2个实验的参与者都被随机分为外部注意焦点和内部注意焦点反馈组。技能掌握阶段,2个实验都按33%的反馈频率向参与者提供注意焦点反馈,但保持和迁移测试阶段无反馈。结果:1)2个实验的技能掌握和保持测试阶段,内、外部注意焦点反馈对两种性质任务学习的影响差异显著;2)足球教学实验的迁移测试阶段,内、外部注意焦点反馈对足球技能学习的影响差异显著。结论:1)在技能掌握和保持测试阶段,外部注意焦点反馈更有利于提高初学者开放性认知技能和足球技能的表现;2)在迁移测试阶段,外部注意焦点反馈更能提高初学者开放性足球技能的表现。

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of attention focus’ feedback on the learning of different tasks（ cognitive skill and motor skill）. Study included two experiments that were computer simulation and soccer teaching. In computer simulation experiment,68 college students practiced the task for 7 blocks during acquisition phase,and their skill retention was tested two days later. In soccer teaching experiment,48 college students practiced the task for six lessons in three weeks,and their skill retention and transfer was tested one week later. All the students in two experiments were randomly and equally assigned into external attention focus’ feedback group and internal attention focus’ feedback group. Two experiments provided attention focus’ feedback with 33%feedback frequency for volunteers in skill acquisition phase,but no feedback in skill retention and transfer phase. Results： 1） The feedback effect of both groups in two experiments on the learning of different tasks in acquisition and retention phase was significantly different. 2） The feedback effect of both groups on soccer learning in the transfer phase of soccer teaching experiment was significantly different. Conclusion： 1） In skill acquisition and retention phase,the feedback of external attention focus is more benefit for improving the beginner’s performance in soccer cognitive skill and motor skill. 2） In skill transfer phase,the feedback of external attention focus can improve the beginner’s performance in soccer open skill.