清代三山五园地区水系的形成

The Formation of the River Systems in the Area of Three Hills and Five Gardens in the Qing Dynasty

三山五园位于北京湾的西北部,雨量丰沛,这里还是大约7000—5000年以前的永定河古道流经地,地下水源丰富,加上西山一带多石灰岩,溶洞较多,透水性强,形成玉泉山和万泉河两大水系。山清水秀的地理环境吸引着清代统治者陆续在这里建造了众多皇家园林,为满足园林用水,清朝康雍乾时期,利用前人兴修水利的成果,陆续对三山五园地区的水系进行大规模人工改造,疏浚昆明湖和万泉河,整合玉泉山上游泉水。乾隆年间,既是三山五园地区的水系发生重大变化的时期,又是基本形成时期,之后的统治者基本上维持了这个格局,没有大的改变。

Three Hills and Five Gardens are located in the northwestern Beijing area, which has abundant rainfall. It used to be the place throughwhich Yongding River flowed about 7000 -5000 years ago. It has abundant underground water resources. Besides, there is much limestone in Xishan area and many caves which have strong permeability, forming Yuquan Hill and Wanquan River two major river systems. Beautiful geographical environment also attracted the rulers in the Qing Dynasty to build a lot of royal gardens here. To meet the needs of the gardens＇ water usage, they used the achievements of the previous building water conservancy projects, launching large -scale artificial transformation to the river systems in the Three Hills and Five Gardens area during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in the Qing Dynasty. They dredged Kunming Lake and Wanquan River and integrated the upstream spring water of Yuquan Hill. The Qianlong period saw the significant change and basic formation of river systems in Three Hills and Five Gardens area. The consecutive rulers essentially maintained this pattern and made no big changes.