暴利行为比较研究——以“公序良俗原则”为视角

A Comparative Study on Profiteering Acts: a Perspective of Principle of Public Order and Good Custom

就功能论而言,暴利行为与合同损害及显失公平可谓是异曲同工,即都致力于实现给付与对待给付的均衡,但基于形成时各自的时代背景以及各国不同的历史、文化传统,它们在各自私法体系中的地位、构成要件及法律效力等方面均存在不同的规定。然而历经时代演变,不仅将暴利行为界定为公序良俗原则的具体化形态得到了越来越多国家立法与理论的认可,而且三者在构成要件、法律效力等方面也呈趋同化走势,具体表现为:暴利行为主观要件的缓和化、客观要件的去标准化及法律效力的缓和化趋势。基于以上认识,反思我国目前相关规定,重新建构我国未来民法典中的暴利行为制度则显得尤为必要。

From the perspective of function theory, profiteering acts can be described as similar to contract damage and obvious loss of fairness. Actually, due to the different historical backgrounds and different cultural traditions in vari- ous countries when they came into existence, they occupy different positions in their respective law systems, have differ- ent constituent elements and different legal forces. However, after long time of evolution, the defining of profiteering acts as of principle of public order and good custom has been recognized by a growing number of countries. And the three tend to agree in constituent elements and legal forces, which is manifested in the tendency of ease of subjective elements, de-standardization of objective elements and mitigating of legal forces. In view of the above observation and re- flecting on our current regulations, it is of particular necessity to reconstruct our regulations concerning profiteering acts in our future Civil Code.