近代中国国家与民间组织的互动——以北京公共卫生制度建构过程为中心的讨论

The Interaction Between the State and the Non-governmental Organizations in Modern China: Based on the Construction of Public Health Institution in Beijing

清末新政改革中,作为警察职能的公共卫生制度在北京被建立起来。但此后北京的公共卫生既未得到有效实施,也未跟上世界公共卫生发展的潮流。基督教民间组织和学术性民间组织积极宣传公共卫生新思想,在观念层面冲击已有的公共卫生观制度,促使国家跟上时代的步伐,对制度进行变革。在制度的实践过程中,国家触动了一些民间组织的利益,受到抵制,双方展开利益博弈,最终以妥协的方式实现制度的社会化。国家与民间组织的互动围绕制度建构展开,制度在多方行动中成为社会生活的规则。

In the New Reform of the late Qing Dynasty,the public health was set up as the function of the police department. But it had never been efficient and kept up with the world trend. The Christianity and academic nongovernmental organizations propagated the new thoughts of the public health,which impacted the institution on the idea level,and pushed the state to do something to reform the institution. In the practice,the state had insulted the economic benefits of some organizations and been resisted by them. The state and the organizations played games,which made the institution to be socialized. The interaction of the state and the non-governmental organizations was around the construction of the institution. In the multiple actions,the institution became the rule of the everyday life step by step.