从考古新材料看鄂国的历史变迁

On the Historical Evolution of E State according to the New Archaeological Data

鄂国原是商朝的一个重要方国,商代之鄂方在今河南沁阳。西周早期鄂被周王朝分封到江汉地区,周夷王时期楚国熊渠讨伐鄂国,封中子红为鄂王,又建立了楚国所辖的鄂国。周厉王派军队消灭了周所封的鄂国。春秋战国时期楚所建立的鄂国变成了楚国的封君鄂君。关于西周鄂国和楚封鄂国、鄂君的地望,学术界长期存在西鄂说和东鄂说之争,西鄂在今河南南阳东北,东鄂在今湖北鄂州。根据随州安居出土的鄂国王室墓地资料分析,西周早期到西周晚期的鄂国在今湖北随州,这是一个新的认识,已经突破了传统的西鄂和东鄂二说。南阳夏响铺鄂国王室墓地的发掘表明,这个鄂国王室并未完全被消灭,却在西周晚期又迁徙到南阳东北,在此建都,直至春秋早期可能被楚所灭,因此西汉在南阳郡下设西鄂县,史称西鄂。楚熊渠所伐的鄂国即随州之鄂,所封之鄂国开始亦可能在随州附近,后来可能迫于周厉王和曾国的压力,迁至今湖北鄂州,春秋战国时期的楚封鄂君封地也在鄂州,于是西汉在江夏郡设鄂县,史称东鄂。

E state is an important state in Shang Dynasty.It migrated to Jianghan area in early Western Zhou Dynasty and was destroyed by King Zhouli.At the time of King Zhouyi,Xiongqu of Chu state invaded E state and built a new E state,which was administrated by Chu state.According to the new archaeological data in Anju,Suizhou county,the E state migrated to Suizhou county in Hubei province in the early Zhou Dynasty.King Zhouli destroyed it.Then the E state migrated to Nanyang in the late Zhou Dynasty and was possibly exterminated by Chu state in the early Spring and Autumn Period.This was why Han dynasty built Xi＇e（西鄂）county in Nanyang.The other E state built by Xiongqu was possibly next to Suizhou.It possibly migrated to Ezhou because of the pressure coming from King Zhouli and the strong Zeng state.The fiefdom of King E by Chu state was also in Ezhou.This was why Han Dynasty also built E county in Jiangxia,which was histroically called Dong＇e（东鄂）.