低保制度的功能定位研究

Research on the Function and Position of Basic Living Allowance System

低保工作已经逐渐成为社区治理的重点和难点,如何确定低保对象甚至已经成为信访与干群矛盾的焦点。低保制度的初衷是为了保障贫困人群的最低生活需要,但是在实际工作中,低保被权力异化了。错误的功能定位使低保制度失去了应有之义,同时导致工作上、认识上和宣传上的失误,人们甚至认为享受低保是一种社会身份,享受低保是公民权利,享受低保不仅没有精神成本,精神收益反而很高。因此,必须对低保制度的功能重新定位,纠正工作上、认识上和宣传上的失误,在改革的过程中遵循路径依赖的原则,尊重历史、承认现实。具体建议如下:第一,提高享受低保的成本尤其是精神层面的成本,是实现分离均衡的条件;第二,明晰项目边界,防止项目之间的成本转嫁,低保项目不能用于维稳和作为乡村治理的手段;第三,鼓励社会力量参与,提高救助效率,降低行政管理成本。

Basic living allowance work has gradually become the focus and nuts of community governance, how to determine the target population has even become the focus of the petition and the conflicts between local leadership and the masses. Basic living allowance system is intended for the basic living need, but in the actual situations, it has been distributed by power. The error of functional positioning deviates its original intention, which also leads to the misunderstanding that the basic living assurance is a kind of social identity, and the rights of citizens. As a result, high spiritual benefits are realized instead of the mental cost. The reposition of function of the basic allowance system can correct the misunderstanding in work, following the path dependence in the process of reform, respecting history and admitting the reality. Recommendations are as follows： first, improving the spiritual cost in basic living system, which is the realization of separating equilibrium conditions; second, making the project boundary clear, preventing project from shifting costs, because basic living allowance project cannot be used for keeping stability and as a means of rural governance; third, encouraging social forces to participate in, which can improve the rescue efficiency and reduce the administrative management cost.