《利维坦》的绝对国家之路和自由主义——欲望与恐惧的交织

Absolute Nationalism and Liberalism in Leviathan——intertwinement of desire and fear

《利维坦》书中描写的"每个人与各个人为敌的战争"状态成为霍布斯对人类进入政治社会前的自然状态的经典描述。那只《旧约》中庞大的水怪"利维坦"所代表的强力的国家机器也成为成书以后许多国家竭力实现的目标。霍布斯用人类因欲望与恐惧的交织所导致的脆弱作为切入点,充分肯定人们追求财富、权势的各种欲望,同时主张人们在恐惧的驱迫下进入现代化的政治社会,以此论证政府和国家的必要性。正是这种欲望与恐惧相互交织的演进进路,决定了利维坦必然是一个强有力的绝对国家。不得不提的是,"利维坦"这一名称的选用也体现了作者对这种绝对国家机器的警惕,具有自由主义色彩。

The natural state of human before the formation of political society, as Hobbes describes in Leviathan, is a condition of conflict and war between everyone. The only monster ＂Levia- than＂ in the Old Testament represents a powerful state in the book, which is a goal that many countries try to achieve after the 17th century. To demonstrate the necessity of the government and state, Hobbes utilizes the weakness of human caused by desire and fear as a breakthrough point. He affirms the pursuit of wealth and power of human, and at the same time advocaties people entering into the modern political society under the force of fear. It is the intertwined desire and fear that contributes to the absolute nationalism in Leviathan. The choice of the name ＂Leviathan＂ also reflects the author＇s awareness of the absolute state machine, with liberalism overtone.