城市空间利益的正当分配——从规划行政许可侵犯相邻权益案切入

Legitimate Allocation of Interests of Urban Spaces

高速城市化和城市土地上多元权益结构的形成,催生了开发过程中城市空间利益分配问题。对此,私法上相邻关系规则和民事诉讼制度已不敷使用。行政法的第三人效力制度和理论,拓展出利害关系人行政诉讼。但是,对我国典型案例和样本判决的解析表明,法院将主观权利保护诉求处理成了客观合法性监督,从而减弱了原告资格扩张的意义,而行政过程中的程序权利和行政许可审查内容公开也未能形成利益的实体权衡机制。这种局限性使得作为裁判依据的城市规划和技术标准变得相对关键,其利益权衡机制的确立至关重要。这就形成了城市空间利益正当分配的多阶机制和连续过程,它在行政的合法性证成的传统模式基础上拓展了行政的正当性证成机制。

Fast urbanization, together with the formation of diverse-interests structure on urban land, has given raise to the problem of allocation of interests of urban spaces. Traditional compulsory easement principle in private law and the civil litigation system have been proved more and more inadequate in dealing with this problem. Consequently, the system and theory of third person effect in administrative law has enabled an interested person to file an administrative litization. However. analysis of leading cases and sample judgments in China indicate that courts often treat demands for protection of subject rights as supervision over objective legality, thereby significantly diminishing the importance of the expansion of plaintiff qualification. What is more, both procedural rights in administrative process and disclosure of contents reviewed in administrative licensing failed to establish a substantive mechanism of interests balance. This limitation highlights the key role of urban planning and technological standards as judgment basis. As a result, the interest balancing mechanism in both planning and standards development becomes vitally important. It promoted the development of a multi-stage system and continuous process of allocation of interests of urban spaces, which introduced an independent administrative legitimacy justification mechanism on the basis of the traditional administrative legality justification system.