族群政治视野下的埃塞俄比亚犹太人移民

On Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants from the Perspective of Ethnic Politics

在大规模移居以色列之前,埃塞俄比亚境内生活着大约3万名犹太人,他们自称为贝塔以色列人,关于他们的起源和种族属性存有不同说法。20世纪80年代中期以来,以色列政府分别通过"摩西行动"、"所罗门行动"和"鸽翅行动"将几乎全部的埃塞俄比亚犹太人接回以色列。由于种族、历史、宗教等方面的原因,回归后的埃塞俄比亚犹太人在融入以色列主流社会进程中遭遇种种障碍,在政治、经济、社会地位等方面均处于劣势,成为犹太人内部的一个相对边缘群体。尽管埃塞俄比亚犹太人社团进行了积极的努力和抗争,以色列政府也致力于改善其生存状况和社会地位,但由于传统上阿什肯纳兹犹太人社团的强势地位以及以色列社会存在的顽固的种族偏见,埃塞俄比亚犹太人在族群认同和国家认同方面仍然面临着深刻的矛盾和困境。

Nearly 30, 000 Jews lived in Ethiopia before mass immigration to Israel. They call themselves Beta Israel, and there are different opinions about their origins and ethnic characteristics. Since the mid- 1980s, ＂ Moses Action＂, ＂Solomon Action＂ and ＂Operation Dove＇ s Wings＂ taken by Israeli government airlifted almost all of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. Due to ethnic, historical and religious reasons, Ethiopian Jews who returned to Israel, when trying to integrate into Israeli mainstream society, had many disadvantages in terms of political, economic and social status, and became the marginalized groups in Jewish society. Ethiopian Jews struggled for their rights, and Israeli government also took some measures to improve their living conditions and social status, however, due to the traditional strong position of Ashkenazi Jewish Community and obstinate ethnic prejudice existed in Israeli society, Ethiopian Jews still faces serious contradictions and dilemmas in ethnic and national identity.