春秋华夏秩序瓦解与国际社会退化机制

Collapse of International Order During the Spring and Autumn Era and the Study of International Society's Disintegration

文章讨论从西周末年到春秋后期的华夏国际秩序变迁,将其作为国际社会退化的典型案例加以研究。文章首先明确,并非所有的关系变动或规范破坏都意味着国际社会退化,只有基础性制度失效,导致共有利益、价值和规则受损,才会造成国际社会的退化。外在因素与辅助机制通过这一基本机制发挥作用。在"自春秋至于战国"的国际社会退化过程中,西周遗留的以"亲亲一尊尊"为核心的宗法礼序逐渐瓦解,导致共有价值、集体身份与社会纽带趋于消散,对战争等互动行为的协调、约束与构成性影响减弱。这是春秋华夏国际社会退化、走向更为无序的战国时代的关键。宗法封建的瓦解首先缘于两大核心原则"亲亲"与"尊尊"间存在内在紧张,并难以持续运行。其次,宗法体制的僵化特征难以容纳剧烈的环境变迁与权势转移,日渐受到冲击破坏。宗法制度的瓦解最终导致建立在其基础上的春秋华夏国际社会的崩溃。这一案例有力地说明了基础性制度在国际社会退化中的关键地位。

This paper examines the transformation of ancient Chinese international societal order from late Western Zhou era to the late Spring and Autumn period,treating it as a typical case of international society's degeneration.Based on the English School's thoughts of international society and different levels of international institution,the paper suggests,not all identity changes or institution failure means the destruction of international society.Instead,only when the damage on those fundamental institutions happens will push the whole international society to disorder.Other factors and auxiliary mechanisms work through this basic mechanism.In the process of international society degeneration during the Spring and Autumn period,the destruction of the patriarchal ritual norms plays a key role,which resulted in the evaporation of shared value,social ties and collective orders.The regression of old orders eventually led to more violence.The inherent weakness of the feudal patriarchal system and the changes of systemic environment are the main reason of the disintegration of the feudal patriarchal system.Besides,the paper compared the above Chinese case with the 'diplomatic revolution' and the collapse of 'the concert of Europe' to further verify the fundamental institution's vital role in the disintegration of international society.