全面认识资本的作用——《资本论》及其手稿中一个被忽视的重要观点

To Fully Understand the Role of Capital:An Important Point Overlooked in Capital and Its Manuscripts

马克思的《资本论》及其手稿在揭露和批判资本主义制度的罪恶和消极作用的同时,并没有否认资本主义制度的积极作用。马克思多次指出,资本主义制度与奴隶制和农奴制相比,榨取剩余劳动的方式要文明得多,资本在历史上具有伟大的文明作用。但是长期以来,人们只重视马克思对资本主义制度的罪恶与消极作用的揭露和批判,有意或无意地忽视了马克思对资本的伟大文明作用的肯定,这是对《资本论》及其手稿的极大误解。我们可以从促进社会生产力的发展、为未来新社会创造物质技术条件,创造更多的自由活动时间、为建设未来新社会锻造全面发展的高素质人才,促进新社会因素的产生、孕育和形成未来社会主义的生产关系因素三个方面,具体说明资本的伟大文明作用。资本的历史作用的二重性和历史评价的两种尺度,是造成对《资本论》及其手稿产生片面理解和误解的原因。

Marx's Capital and its manuscripts do not deny the positive role of the capitalist system whenthey expose and criticize the sin and the negative role of capitalist system. Marx pointed out manytimes that compared with slavery and serfdom, the way the capitalist system extracted surplus laborwas more civilized, and the capital played a great role in the history of civilization. But for a longtime, that people only pay attention to Marx's revelation and criticism on the sin and negative roleof capitalist system, and intentionally or unintentionally neglect Marx's affirmation of great civiliza-tions role of capital, reflect people's great misunderstanding of Capital and its manuscripts. We canspecify the great civilizations role of Capital from such three aspects as promoting the development ofproductive forces and creating material and technical conditions for new future society, creating morefree time and forging comprehensive highly qualified personnel for new future society, promoting theproduction of new social factors and breeding and formatting factors of production relations of futuresocialism. It is the duality of the historical role and two scales of historical evaluation of Capital thatcause the one-sided understanding and misunderstanding of Capital and its manuscripts.