“从地理谈起”:晚清民国中学历史教科书的书写模式

"Describing the Geography in the Opening" :The Writing Model of the Secondary School History Textbooks in the Late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China

晚清民国的中学历史教科书开篇往往首先叙述地理。其叙述可分三类:从理论上探讨史地之间的关系,叙述具体的地理情况,以及二者的结合。三类中又以叙述具体地理情况最为普遍。而众多历史教科书对地理的具体叙述也有不同。大致可分两种:晚清到民国初期,主要是叙述这两个时期的疆域面积、地理位置、行政区划、地势、气候、山脉、河流等;20世纪20年代到1949年,集中于对历代疆域变迁的描述,或是介绍地球起源。前者直接借鉴近代日本历史教科书的做法,而后者则明显受到日益细化的历史课程标准的影响。晚清民国中学历史教科书在开篇对地理的不断书写,促使开篇应首先论述地理或将地理放在重要位置进行论述的观念,近乎成为常识,并被普遍地运用到当前的历史著作中。

Geography was often described in the opening chapters of the secondary school history textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China.This kind of description roughly included three categories:discussing the relationship between history and geography in theory,elaborating the specific geography,and narrating the combination of the above two aspects.In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,the geographic knowledge,such as the territory area of the late Qing Dynasty or Republic of China,geographical position,region partition,terrain,climate,mountain chain,river and so on,was described in the opening chapters.But from the 1920 s to the year of 1949,it focused on narrating the territory evolution of past dynasties or the origin of the earth.The former was directly affected by Japanese history textbooks,and the later was obviously influenced by more and more detailed historical curriculum standard.