水蛭的化学成分与药理作用

Review of pharmacological effects and chemical compounds of leech

水蛭是我国传统的活血化瘀药之一,临床多用于血滞经闭、微痕积聚、跌打损伤等症。水蛭的炮制方法《伤寒论》中有所记载,大致有净制、切、加辅料和不加辅料制几大类,十几种炮制方法;现代对水蛭的炮制大多采用酒制、滑石粉烫、砂烫等方法。水蛭的主要成分为大分子类化合物,如水蛭素、肝素、组织胺、吻蛭素、氨基酸等。水蛭中也含有糖脂类、蝶啶类、甾体类和羧酸酯类等多种小分子类物质。水蛭具有抗细胞凋亡,抗肿瘤,抗凝、抗血栓,抗炎、抗纤维化等药理作用。

Leech is one of Chinese herbs for activating blood circulation. Leech is clinically used for the treatment of blood stasis,amenorrhea,minor bruising and so on. According to the processing methods of leech recorded in the Discourse on Cold Damage Disorders（ Shang-Han Lun）,there are more than ten kinds of processing methods,such as cleaning,cutting,adding adjuvant material,without adjuvant material,etc. However,modern processing methods of leech are wine processing,scalded with talc powder,heated with sand and so on. The main compounds of leech are macromolecular compounds,like hirudin,heparin,histamine,hementin,amino acids,etc. Meanwhile,leech also contains small molecular compounds like glycolipids,pteridine,steroids,carboxylic acid esters,etc. Leech has pharmacological effects,such as anti-apoptosis,anti-neoplastic,anti-freeing,anti-thrombus,anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis.