台湾地区社区建设政策的制度变迁

An Institutional Analysis on Changes of Community-building Policy in Taiwan

上世纪90年代,台湾地区开始以"自下而上"的社区建设体制替代它实行了近30年的"自上而下"社区建设体制。它主要体现在:在制度设计方面引入了"社区导向",在制度执行方面重视"基层政府"和社区的作用,而在执行过程中引入了"自下而上申请专案"的机制。纵观台湾地区社区建设实践,可以看到:台湾地区社区建设自始至终贯穿着官方"改造社会战略"的意志;在"公民社会"未经建成基础上推动的社区建设体制所主张的"自下而上"模式不得不借由"自上而下"的行政干预方式推动,这为社区主义的扩展提供了空间,因而其社区建设政策转轨呈现出"柔性强制+示范诱致"的变迁特征。台湾地区推动社区主义虽然是深嵌于其特有的政治社会生态,但其主动推动的姿态以及培育和辅导民间组织的积极作为,尤其值得借鉴。

In the 1990s, Taiwan authorities shifted their community-building policy from a top-down approach to a bottom-up one. A community-oriented institutional design was adopted; much emphasis was placed on the role played by the local government and community ; and a mechanism of bottom-up application project was implemented. Reviewing their community-building practices, we find that the authorities＇ ＂social transformation strategy＂ ran through the whole process. Before the civil society was well-developed, the bottom-up mode of community construction intended by communitarianism had to be aided by the top-down administrative intervention. This gave the community spirit some room to develop. In short, changes of community-building policy in Taiwan are characterized by the flexible enforcement of top-down policies and the employment of the ripple effect of leading models. Community spirit in Taiwan is profoundly influenced by its politico-social ecology, but their proactive policies in nurturing and guiding non-governmental organizations are enlightening to our policy-making.