综合的社会起源——马克思主义认识论的两个方案

The Social Origins of Synthesis——Two Schemes of the Theory of Marxism Epistemology

认识理论是马克思哲学变革的一个重要部分,然而马克思本人只提出了一个简明纲领,并未系统展开。这为后人理解马克思的认识论思想造成困难,同时也留下了广阔的解释空间。在20世纪哲学中,至少已存在两种马克思主义认识论的解释方案,二者均可以视为对康德认识批判的回应和深化。一是哈贝马斯提出的劳动综合的解释方案,可以视为沿着黑格尔的唯心主义方向对康德的先天综合命题之可能性问题的回答;二是雷特尔提出的社会综合的解释方案,可以视为在新康德主义的先验方法指导下对知识的先天综合问题的回答。这两个解释方案均存在着困难,而要克服这些困难,就有必要首先建立一种具体的主体理论。

Epistemology is an important part of Marxist philosophy revolution. However, Marx himself only presented a concise creed instead of a systematic explanation. This caused difficulties for future generations to understand Marx＇s Epistemology as well as a broad interpretation space. In the 20th century, there are at least two kinds of interpretation schemes of Marx＇s Epis- temology, which are the labor interpretation scheme proposed by Habermas and the social inter- pretation scheme proposed by Rethel. Both the two interpretation schemes have difficulties. It is necessary to establish a specific subject theory to overcome these difficulties.