俄罗斯陪审团制度:观察与展望

Russia's Judicial System: Observation and Forecast

1864—1917年,俄罗斯曾经实行过53年的陪审团制度,十月革命后被人民陪审员制度取代。现行陪审团制度于1993年实行,至今已逾20年。现行陪审团制度由法官主导刑事审判、陪审团可询问证人、陪审团解决定罪和部分量刑问题、一致裁决与多数表决相结合、陪审团无罪判决可上诉等特点,体现了职权主义的特征。当前俄罗斯陪审团制度遭遇以下挑战:陪审团组成困难、无罪判决率较高、陪审团审判效率低下。陪审团制度俄罗斯化、陪审团审理案件范围会缩小、职业法官的权力会加大、特别程序的适用范围会扩大等将是俄罗斯陪审团制度今后的发展趋势。

The old Russian jury system which was established in 1864 was replaced by the people＇s assessor system in 1917. The current jury system which was implemented in 1993 has spanned over 20 years. Under the system, the judge leads the criminal trial while the jury can question witnesses, address convictions and some sentencing issues, give unanimous verdicts and a majority vote, and can appeal acquittals. Russia＇s jury system today faces the problem of the difficult formation of a jury, a high rate of acquittals, and inefficient jury trials. The system will evolve into a Russifed jury system with a smaller range of cases tried by the jury, more power for professional judges, and a wider range of application for special procedures.