简述日本筝流派的形成与传承

Brief Introduction of the Formation and Inheritance of Various Schools of Japanese Koto

日本的奈良时期(710—794),十三弦筝随着中国的燕乐传入日本,成为日本雅乐管弦合奏的乐器之一,称为乐筝。后来一部分流落到寺院和民间,先后形成了"筑紫筝"和"俗筝",产生了生田流、山田流两个俗筝流派。明治维新以后,筝家们对筝进行了较大改革,但是受日本民族性、家元制度等因素的影响,传统的生田流和山田流在传承中还是保守的,他们依然严格遵守师承制度,很好地保存了不同流派各自的风格特色。

In the Nara Period of Japan （710-794）, the 13-stringed koto was introduced into Japan following the Yan music, and gradually became one of the vital instruments played in gagaku string ensemble of Japan with the name of “gaku-koto”. Later, it gained popularity in temples and among the folk, forming tsukushi-koto and then zoku-koto, which belong to the two schools of kotos-Ikuta and Yamada. After the Meiji Restoration, also known as the Meiji Ishin, artists had made great reforms on koto. Due to the influences of Japanese nationality and Iemoto system, the traditional kotos-Ikuta and Yamada remain conservative in the development and inheritance. They strictly follow the inheritance system from master to apprentice, and thus well preserve the distinctive features of different schools of koto.