权力重构、社会生产与生态环境的协同治理

Reconstruction of Powers,Production of Society and Collaborative Governance of Ecological Environment

当下中国的环境抗议呈现一系列"中国特色",表现在:当其他地区的环境问题形成以市场攫取为主要根源时,中国的生态环境问题形成与政府行为密切相关;当其他地区的环境抗议以市场为主要对象的时候,中国的环境抗议以国家为主要对象;当其他地区的环境抗议表现为以社会组织为主体独立表达诉求的时候,中国的环境抗议表现为向政府呼吁环境诉求;当其他地区表现为以积极主动的进取型抗议进行环境问题协调的时候,中国的环境抗议多作为消极的回应型抗议。环境抗议的特色与环境问题的形成逻辑密切相关,其根源在于中国生态环境治理结构中,市场强势、权力错位与社会弱势。环境利益相关主体间的失衡,最终导致了系统性的环境危机。重构国家、市场与社会的系统平衡的关键问题在于如何推动社会的生产。中国社会发展的阶段性决定了公民社会的设想难以实现,而从生态政治学出发,吸收卡尔·波兰尼的社会反向运动思想,借助国家权力系统的重构,反过来规制国家权力的谋利取向与自律性市场的逐利本性并最终打造能动社会成为可供借鉴的思路。能动社会的发育以国家系统为依托,统合多元主体的利益,构建多元协同治理机制,并最终实现国家-市场-社会的系统平衡。经由能动社会推动社会生产并实现生态环境的协同治理的思路,可以为解决中国情境中的一系列社会问题提供启发。

China ＇ s current environmental protest presents a series of ＇ Chinese characteristics＇ , such as ： When the environmental problems in other regions formed in the grabbing of market as the main causes, in China it is closely related to the government action. When the environment protests in other parts toward to the market as the main object, China＇ s major environmental protests are towards the national governments. When the environment protests in other parts witness independent social organizations as the main body to express their demands, China＇ s environmental protest presents the appeals to the government. When other regions show a proaetive aggressive protest, China＇ s environmental protests mostly show as a negative response type. All of the characters root in the governance structure in China, showing as a strong market, a dislocation power system and a disadvantaged society. The imbalance of environmental system leads to the institutional dislocation in the end. The key issue of reconfigurable system balance between the state, market and society is how to promote the social production. On the one hand, the limitations of Chinese development stage determine that it is difficult to rely on the development of civil society. On the other hand, the reconstruction of state power system, the regulation of the profit deviation of state power and self-regulation orientation of the market, and ultimately establish an active society become an available way. Based on the national systems, the active society integrate different interests of multiple subjects and construct multi- collaborative governance mechanisms, and ultimately achieve the balance between national-market and society. The production of active society to promote the social production and achieve ecological environment collaborative governance can provide inspiration to solve a series of social problems in the Chinese context.