集聚密度、多样性和旅游企业劳动生产率——兼对产业聚集理论观点的拓展研究

Agglomeration Density,Diversity and Labor Productivity in China's Tourism Industry

地区间旅游企业劳动生产率差异是普遍存在的经济现象,本文将集聚密度视为旅游产业外部性的重要来源,利用省级层面面板数据及相关计量方法,实证分析了旅游产业聚集密度对不同类型旅游企业劳动生产率的影响,并结合组织生态学等理论对产业聚集理论及相关观点进行了拓展研究。研究发现,旅游产业集聚密度是影响星级酒店、旅行社等旅游企业劳动生产率的重要因素,这在一定程度上证实了旅游企业发展过程中"凡登效应(Verdoorn Effect)"的存在。不过,本文计量结果也显示,各类型旅游企业单位劳动力资本配置是影响其劳动生产率增长的关键要素,而整体旅游企业单位劳动力资本配置却对星级酒店、旅行社、旅游景区(点)等类型旅游企业劳动生产率不具有显著的作用效应,且多样化的产业环境对旅行社等旅游企业劳动生产率有着负面影响效应,导致出现旅游企业劳动生产率中的"悖论"现象。随后,本文在对上述计量结果进行深入分析的基础上,提出了相应的对策建议。

Agglomeration density is an important source of tourism industry externalities. In this paper, we use panel data of 31 provinces from 2001 to 2012 and related econometric methods to analyze the effect of tourism industry agglomeration density on labor productivity of different types of tourism firms. The empirical results show that, tourism industry agglomeration density has significant positive effect on labor productivity of such tourism firms as star-rated hotel and travel agency, verifying the Verdoorn effect in tourism industry. The research also finds that per capita capital stock of each kind of tourism firms has significant effect on their labor productivity, while the per capita capital stock of all of tourism firms does not have significant effect on labor productivity of different kinds of tourism firms, and the diversity of tourism industry has negative effect on labor productivity of travel agencies. These effects are contrary to theoretical expectation and can be expressed as ＂productivity paradox＂. Based on deep analysis of these findings, this paper provides policy suggestions.