官学化背景下两湖民间书院建筑形态衍化探讨

The Research on the Derivation of Architectural Patterns of the Folk Academies Impacted by Official Trend in Hubei and Hunan Provinces

书院之名始见于唐代,发展于宋代,是实施教学、藏书与研究三结合的教育机构。元代时,元世祖首次下令广设书院,并将书院山长定为学官,是书院官学化的开始。清初统治者抑制书院自主发展,使之官学化更突出,科举取士成为统治者选拔官员的主要途径,书院也逐渐变为科举考试的附庸。书院发端于私学,原属于官学系统之外的教育机构,但在古代专制的社会条件下,书院从它建立的时候起,就开始其官学化的历程。官学化也导致书院在形制和功能上有了新的变化。文章聚焦于两湖民间书院特点,探究清代以后书院在官学影响之下形制和空间的衍化,并分析其成因,以期对民间书院官学化有更深入的认识。

Although the name of Chinese Ancient Academy （Shuyuan） was found in Tang dynasty, it got real great development during Song dynasty and then became an educational institution which implemented a combination of teaching, library and research. When the emperor Kublai of early Yuan dynasty announced the decree of expanding the number of the Academies all over the country, the presidents of the Academies were appointed as educational officers, the Academies turned to the trend of official then. However, the government of early Qing dynasty suppressed the developing of academy with freedom. As the imperial examination was taken as the main way of the selections of officials, the Academy had gradual y become a vassal of the imperial examination system. As we knew, the Chinese Ancient Academy came from private academy. It had been an institution out of official schools and taken as the supplement of official schools. But the Academies were in progress of the official trend under the ancient autocracy even since they were founded up. The official trend also caused some changes in layouts and functions of the Ancient Academies. Considering the characteristics of the folk academies of Hubei and Hunan, the paper focuses on the changes of the layouts and functions and analysis the cause of the derivations in order to get more understanding of the official trend of Chinese Ancient Academies.