武氏祠石室屋顶后坡画像的配置

Configuration of Stone Carvings on Ceilings in Wu's Ancestral Temple

本文将山东长清大街汉墓M1中一幅具有神话色彩的交战画像命名为水陆神灵交战图"。通过对其初步的认读,确认武氏祠左石室屋顶后坡东段画像为"水陆神灵交战图"的半幅图像,即以"鱼驾车"为主导的"水神"战队出征场景;由此提出,已佚失的左石室屋顶后坡西段画像内容应是以"鹿驾车"为主导的"陆神"战队出征场景,与现存东段画像组成了一幅完整的"水陆神灵交战图"。以此为提示,又将武氏祠中散存的"武氏祠南道旁画像石"和"蔡题一石"分别确定为"水陆神灵交战图"中的两个半幅画像,通过对两石的位置复原与配置,发现汉代双开间祠堂屋顶还存在另一种新的形制,即两面坡祠堂中的一面坡由四块画像石组成。同时提出了武氏祠双开间石祠屋顶画像配置的若干规律,即屋顶画像大致刻绘了两个方面的内容:一是表现自然界诸神如风雨雷电等神灵的出行或活动场面;另一是表现仙界争战、祠主升仙旅程的场景。

The author studies a Han dynasty stone carving,which was excavated from tomb M1 at Dajie,Changqing,Shandong province,depicting a mythical scene of water and land animals at war.Based on this,the author confirms that the stone carving on the east half of the rear ceiling of the left stone chamber at Wu’s Ancestral Temple in Jiaxiang,Shandong province,which shows soldiers in the form of fish,is part of such mythical scene.Stone carving on the west half,now lost,probably shows soldiers in the form of land animals with deer-drawn chariots.Accordingly,the stone carving on the south passageway of the Temple and another with inscription by Cai Renqiu are two halves of the same mythical scene.Their original locations and configurations indicate that in Han dynasty ancestral temples with two standard widths and two ceiling slopes,one half of the ceiling slope is decorated with four stone carvings.Pictures on the ceilings depict either gods of nature（wind,rain,thunder and lightning） or the owner of the temple ascending to the world of mythical gods.