宋代交通中国的层檀国考

On Cengtan during the Song Dynasty

北宋熙宁、元丰间层檀国三次遣使入华,前人对层檀国位置考证有误。庞元英《文昌杂录》记载层檀到勿巡行船二十日,勿巡即《新唐书》所说的没巽,在今阿曼的苏哈尔,没巽到三兰三十多日航程,三兰在今亚丁,则层檀必在今也门东北部。唐代人所说的设国在今萨德,萨伊瞿和竭国在今哈德。庞元英说层檀国西至胡卢没国,南至霞勿檀国,北至利吉蛮国。本文指出层檀在今哈德拉毛河口,层檀可能是赛义德人音译,胡卢没国即哈德拉毛,霞勿檀国即也门哈姆丹国,利吉蛮国可能是吉利蛮国,指占领阿曼的克尔曼国。南宋时期层檀之名虽然不见于汉文史书,但是在原层檀境内的麻离拔、施曷、奴发等地仍然和中国有密切往来。北宋层檀国输入的沙华酒就是南宋人所说麻离拔国糖煮香药做成的苏龢酒,沙华、苏龢即糖。

A country called Cengtan sent envoys to Northern Song Court thrice. From Cengtan to Mezoen （Sohar） by sea took twenty days while Samran （Eden） to Sobar took thirty days. Cengtan was located in northeast Yemen. It was east of Hulumo （ Helmyat in ancient Chinese）, north of Xiawutan （ Hamiatdan in ancient Chinese） and south of Lijiman （Lietkietman in ancient Chinese ）. Helmyat was Hadramawt. Hamiatdan was Hamdan located in western Yemen. Lietkietman was likely Kerman in I- ran and Kerman occupied Oman. Cengtan disappeared in the documents of Southern Song Dynasty, but Maliba （ Mirbat）, Shihe （Shihr） and Nufa （Dhofar） located in former Cengtan also had close contacts with China. Shahua wine from Cengtan in the documents of Northern Song Dynasty was Suhe wine from Maliba in the documents of Sothern Song Dynasty.