权宜之计：康熙五十一年朱熹升配孔庙十哲之次的政治史发覆--兼论钱穆、葛兆光先生有关康熙时代思想专制的诠释

A Reconsideration of Kangxi's Decision of Promoting the Position of ZHU Xi in the Ceremony of Worshipping Confucius in 1712: Also on QIAN Mu and GE Zhao-guang's Interpretation of the Autocracy in Ideas in Kangxi's Reign

康熙五十一年(1712年),清廷颁旨,下令把朱熹在孔庙祭祀的位置从诸儒群贤提升到十哲之次。钱穆、葛兆光等学者视之为清代以理学为主体的官方意识形态对思想文化控制的进一步强化,导致民间思想的萎缩和士大夫自由空间的丧失。根据台湾方志中保存的有关一手文献,重新考辨解剖这一事件的有关记载、来龙去脉及其政治背景,可以发现此案实际上是康熙对当时权倾一时的朝臣李光地拉拢和打击并行以图有效驾驭的步骤之一。要研究十八世纪国家权力和文化的关系,不应将前者等同于二十世纪才出现的全能型国家体制,而应具体地分析其文化思想宣示背后的政治思想脉络,才能对此关系给出具有解释力的分析。

By situating it in the new context of the subtle struggles between Kangxi and his favorite official LI Guang-di,this paper re-explains Kangxi's decision of promoting the position of ZHU Xi in the ceremony of worshipping Confucius as part of the emperor's efforts to pacify LI. Based upon the long ignored source materials,it questions the traditional explanation held by such famous scholars as QIAN Mu and GE Zhaoguang,which treats the event as part of imperial Manchu's suppressive policies toward the Han Chinese elites.This paper argues that such an explanation has read the relationship between the government and the intellectuals under the totalitarian regime into that between Kangxi and the Han Chinese elites and ignored the significant differences between these two kinds of relationship.