佛学与戊戌前后知识人精神世界的重构——以《忘山庐日记》为个案的分析

Buddhism and the Reconstruction of Intellectuals' Spiritual Realm around the Hundred Days Reform: A Case Study on the Diaries in Wangshan Cottage

戊戌前后是晚清知识人心灵秩序从崩溃到重建的转折期,佛学为此提供了重要的思想支撑。孙宝瑄《忘山庐日记》对这一时段知识人佛学兴趣的高涨、政治文化思潮与佛教思想的交涉、儒学内在调整过程中的儒佛关系均有翔实的记录。从《日记》中亦可考见:就思想的形上超越层面而言,在"哲学"学科最初构建的晚清时期,佛学与中国古代心性之学、西方哲学心理学传统结合,造就了佛学色彩浓厚的,以"心物图式"为核心的"新世界观";就思想的社会政治层面而言,春秋公羊学是今文经学的中坚,也是戊戌维新运动的思想基础,《日记》对知识界中流行的"三教三世"、"未来净土"等论题有较丰富的记载,由此可见,佛学对清末公羊春秋学的渗入,佛学丰富了维新派政治变革的理论内涵,强化了他们人类精神自我救赎的政治信念。

The period around the Hundred Days Reform witnessed the transition of intellectuals' mentality from collapse to reconstruction in the late Qing Dynasty,for which Buddhism had provided important mental support. SUN Bao-xuan's Diaries in Wangshan Cottage provides informative records of intellectuals' rising interest in Buddhism,the confrontation between political and cultural thoughts and Buddhist ideas,and the relations between Confucianism and Buddhism in the adjusting process of Confucianism. It also shows that at the metaphysical level,when the philosophy discipline was initially established in the late Qing Dynasty,the combination of Buddhism with the doctrine of mind in ancient China and philosophy and psychology in the West led to a 'new view of the world'in a strong Buddhist tune,taking a 'schema of mind and things'as the core. As for the social and political thought,the study of Gongyang was central to New Text Confucianism and also functioned as the ideological foundation of the Hundred Days Reform. The Diaries provides informative records about the popular topics of that time such as'three religions and three lives'and'future pure land'.The influence of Buddhism on the study of Gongyang in the late Qing Dynasty enriches the theoretical connotation of the Hundred Days Reform and strengthens the political belief that human beings' spirit can save itself.