晚清徽州墨商的经营文化——婺源商业秘籍《墨业准绳》抄本研究

Business Culture of Huizhou Ink in the Late Qing: A Study of the Business Esoterica Transcript Moye Zhunsheng

公元10世纪以还,中国墨业的中心便转移至皖南。及至明清时代,民间制墨在黄山白岳间家传户习,徽墨名家辈出。以往,作为文房清玩的徽墨记录虽然颇为丰富,但有关徽墨制作与经营的史料却极为稀见。有鉴于此,本文利用新发现的商业秘籍——婺源詹有乾墨号之《墨业准绳》抄本,对晚清墨商的经营文化作一探讨。论文具体分析了徽州文人与《墨业准绳》之编纂及其特点,纠正了此前有关詹有乾墨号始创年代的谬说,并探讨了徽州家族组织与商业发展的关系,进而指出:现存的商书以出自徽州者居多,这与徽商"贾而好儒"、徽州文人积极介入商书之编纂密切相关;在传统徽州,家族的房支以及个人以入股的方式参与商业经营并获得利润回报,家族组织与商业发展一荣俱荣、一损俱损。换言之,徽州发达的家族组织,成为旅外商业繁荣的强有力后盾。

Since the 10 thCentury,the center of ink industry in China had been transferred to Southern Anhui. When it came to the period of Ming and Qing,nongovernmental ink production achieved its prosperity in Huizhou with a host of well-known artisans. The historical materials about Hui ink＇s production and management is extremely rare in the past. In view of this,this article uses the newly discovered Moye Zhunsheng（ the yardstick of ink industry） from Zhan Youqians in Wuyuan to make a discussion of the commercial culture of Hui ink. It makes detailed analysis of Huizhou literati and the compilation of the book,and corrects the errors in the previous viewpoints of the foundation year of Zhan Youqians. It discusses the relation between the family organization and business development and further points out that the extant large amount of Huizhou commercial book is partly because Huizhou＇s merchants had fancy of Confucian scholarship and actively involved in book compilation. In traditional Huizhou,the whole family got involved in commercial activities. They were inextricably linked. The highly developed family organization turned to be the strong backing of prosperous business.