甲基苯丙胺成瘾者成瘾行为特征定性研究

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADDICTION BEHAVIORS AMONG METHAMPHETAMINE DEPENDENT USERS: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

目的:了解甲基苯丙胺成瘾过程不同阶段的行为特征与规律。方法:根据调查目的草拟定性访谈提纲,对某市12例以甲基苯丙胺为主要滥用物质的吸毒人员进行个人深入访谈。结果:受访者中男性10例,女性2例;年龄在22岁-50岁之间;初次使用甲基苯丙胺的年龄在16岁-46岁之间;滥用方式均为"溜冰";首次滥用的剂量多<4片麻古。初次使用甲基苯丙胺后受访者在一段时间内间断使用药物;3例受访者在半年内开始规律使用,2例受访者在0.5-1年内开始规律使用,3例受访者在3年内转为规律使用。规律使用期间,5例受访者药物使用频率为2天-3天(用)一次,4例受访者每天使用。2例受访者"开始用就想",3例受访者报告在1年内产生"心瘾",即产生精神依赖性。有受访者自述"这种感觉越来越强烈,用了3年后开始天天想"。大部分受访者在不用麻古时,"心神不定,做事不专注"或"有时候心情烦躁,有时候出现疑神疑鬼",并出现疲劳无力、嗜睡、食欲增加等戒断症状;1例受访者在初次使用甲基苯丙胺后1年即出现上述戒断症状。受访者认为使用甲基苯丙胺后会让人产生一种强烈的惰性、人比较懒散,减少参加社交、娱乐活动和承担家庭责任。结论:甲基苯丙胺成瘾过程或可分为尝试性使用、偶尔使用、规律使用、强迫性使用4个阶段,但须开展进一步的研究(尤其是定量研究)以完善阶段划分依据;甲基苯丙胺具有较强的成瘾性,应依据甲基苯丙胺的成瘾特点,制定行之有效的健康干预策略。

Objective：To investigate behavioral characteristics in different stages of the methamphetamine （MA） addiction. Methods： We designed an outline of qualitative interview and then conducted face to face in -depth interviews with 12 MA dependent users. Results：Most participants （10） were males and the other 2 were females. Participants were 22 to 50 years old and their ages of onset use of MA varied from 16 to 46 years. The administration route of MA was all smoking and the onset dose of MA was less than 4 pills of Magu （mainly composed of MA）. After onset use, participants used MA occasionally for a certain period and 3 participants began to use it regularly within a half year, 2 within 1 year and 3 within 3 years. During the regular use stage, 5 participants used MA once every 2 or 3 days and 4 participants daily. Of all participants, 2 participants reported the first craving for MA （psychological dependence） after the onset use and 3 within 1 year, and 1 participant reported drug craving become increasingly stronger and appeared daily after 3 years. Most participants reported withdrawal symptoms, including dysphoria （restless, cannot concentrate on work）, fatigue, lethargy andincreased appetite and 1 participant began to suffer from such withdrawal symptoms 1 year after onset use. Participants admitted that they became inert and lazy, unwilling to participate in social or recreational activities and unwilling to take on family responsibilities after some period of MA use. Conclusion：MA addiction process may be divided into experimentation, occasional use, regular use and compulsive use, and more studies, especially quantitative studies, are needed to detail the process. MA has high addiction potential and development of effective health intervention and promotion should be based on the characteristics of MA addiction.