波粒二象性理论与波速问题探讨

Discussion on the Particle-Wave Duality and the Wave Velocity Problem

速度是宏观的概念;在量子力学中速度表示什么,本来无法回答。在半经典理论中,为重新定义速度,可取v→=▽S/m[m是粒子质量,S满足ψ=Aexp(j S/h)]。这样虽建立了速度与波函数的联系,却不是波科学中必需而有用的波速概念。真空中光速c是一个普遍性基本物理常数,量子力学显然也需要这个参数,亦即新波动力学需要这个物理量。从人类实践过程和结果看,科学家若企图确定c的最精确值,必须依靠标量方程c=fλ这样的标量描述才能实现。现代物理学认为波速度(相速vp、群速vg)是标量而非矢量。波动具有独特的科学性质,其规律与经典力学不同,它需要量子力学支持,又不等同于严格的量子力学。目前尚无单独一个理论能完美解释波科学问题,处在经典物理和量子物理并用的局面。电磁场的量子化过程为光的波粒二象性提供了基本的数学诠释,即连续展布于空间的电磁场在量子化后得到光子。尽管如此,"光子是什么"的难题仍困扰着科学家。通常认为电子的物质波是几率波,光子的波动是电磁波而非几率波。但在分析处理双光子纠缠时又在使用几率波理念,这样光子的波是什么仍未解决。另外,电子几率波与Schrdinger方程对应,但有一种观点认为光子几率波尚无可对应的波方程。另一方面,物质波相速的物理意义并不清晰;而de Broglie波的相速是超光速的,对此还需要更多的说明。类似的许多例子表明,波粒二象性仍是现代物理学中的一个待解之谜。最后,近年来对负波速(NWV)的研究既使波科学更加丰富,也为发展理论思维提供了新的契机。

The velocity is a macroscopic concept. The question “what is the meaning of velocity in Quan-tum Mechanics（ QM）”,this problem itself is in“no answer” situation. In the semi-classical theory,for the reconstruction of the velocity definition,we have v→=▽S/m[ m is the particle’ s mass and ψ=Aexp（ jS/？） ] . This method builds the relation of velocity and wave function,but it is not the necessary and useful concept of wave’ s speed. The velocity of light in vacuum is a common basic constant of physics,however QM also need this parameter obviously,i. e. the new wave mechanics is on need of this physical quantity. The process and result of people’ s practice show that,scientist has intended to bring forth in the measure-ment of c with very high accuracy does stand out,if he used the scalar equation c=fλ. Modern physics maintain that the wave velocities （ phase velocityvp、group velocity vg ） are scalars,not vectors.The wave has its special scientific features;the regular pattern is different from the Classical Mechan-ics （ CM） . It needs supports of the QM,but it is not identical with the serious QM. Now,it has not only a theory that can explain the wave problems perfectly,so it is support by the classical physics and quantum physics. The quantization process of EM fields explains the particle-wave duality mathematically. Post quanti-zation,from the EM fields we obtained the photons. But scientist still is puzzled by a difficult question：“what is photon”. As the common knowledge,the matter waves of photon still a paradox in physics. In ad-dition,the electronic probability waves corresponding the Schr？dinger equation,but people says the pho-tonic probability waves have not that wave equation. In other words, the physical meanings of matter wave’ s phase velocity are not clear,and why the phase velocity of de Broglie waves is faster-than-light, many explanations will be needed. Many instances similar to these examples make the particle wave duality still the magic ghost in modern physics. Finally,the study on negative wave velocity（ NWV） in recent years has a great deal of ex-perience on wave sciences,and bring the new chance on theoretical thinking.