公共空间内犯罪被害性别差异的阐释:基于整合性的理论视角

GENDER RATIO OF VICTIMIZATIONS IN PUBLIC SPACE:AN INTEGRATIVE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

激进女权主义以父权制为理论核心,为私人空间内发生的女性被害提供了直接的解释。然而,父权制却无法对公共空间内存在的被害性别差异提供完备的解释。基于女权主义犯罪学、日常活动理论和时间地理学,本文从整合的视角,以父权制作为结构性起点,以劳动分工和女性对犯罪的恐惧为中间环节,以女性日常活动中时空约制对其被害风险的影响为落脚点,阐释了公共空间内犯罪被害性别差异的原因。最后总结了本文的解释思路,并为进一步促进我国犯罪地理学发展提出了一些建议。

It has long been recognized by criminologists that gender is one of the strongest predictors of crimi- nal offending and victimization. Empirical studies have also identified a ＂gender ratio＂ phenomenon, where females are found to have a lower risk level of victimization than their male counterparts. However, main- stream criminology has largely ignored this issue and established their propositions mostly based on research generated from studying male samples. Criticizing this status quo, feminism criminologists build explana- tions of the gender ratio phenomenon from the ground up, utilizing a core concept-patriarchy. However, they focus on either gendered violence, such as sexual assaults, rape, and domestic violence, or victimization lim- ited to special female groups, including lesbians, prostitutes, or immigrants. These victimizations under study usually occurred in private space related to the intimate personal life of women. Although gender-neu- tral victimizations play an important role in forming the gender ratio pattern, both mainstream criminology and feminism criminology fail to provide sound theoretical explanations to them. A critical question has not been systematically answered is why women＇s overall victimizations in public space is lower than that of men＇s. This article attempts to provide a better explanation of the gender ratio phenomenon in public space by integrating three different theoretical perspectives： routine activity theory, feminism criminology, and time geography. The patriarchal structure determines women＇s occupational features and their risk percep- tion, which then shape spatial-temporal constraints in women＇s routine activities.