1Geneva Smitherman, Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985, p. 73.
2Zora Neale Hurston, Folklore, Memoirs, and Other Writings ( The Library of America Series), New York : Literary Classics of the United States, Inc. , 1995, pp. 830 -846.
3小亨利·路易斯·盖茨.《意指的猴子》,王元陆译,北京大学出版社,2011年,第3-4页.
4Elijah Wald, The Dozens: A History of Rap's Mama, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 75.
5Trudier Harris, Fiction and Folklore: The Novels of Toni Morrison, Knoxvine: University of Tennessee Press, 1991, p. 2.
6Gayl Jones, Liberating Voices: Oral Tradition in African American Literature, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 9.
7Bernard W. Bell, The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987, p. xiv.
8理查德·赖特.《黑孩儿》,程超凡译,长江文艺出版社,1985年,第27页.
9Elisabeth Mia Bay, The White lmage in the Black Mind: African-American ldeas About Wh#e People, 1830-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 90.
10Richard Wright, Lawd Today, New York: Avon Books, 1969, pp. 93 -96.
