新疆天然草地毒草灾害分布与防控对策

The Disaster, Ecological Distribution and Control of Poisonous Weeds in Natural Grasslands of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

新疆天然草地是少数民族地区畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是维持新疆自然生态坏境的重要组成部分。但长期以来,由于草地干旱、严重超载放牧、盲目开垦、人口增长等自然和人为因素的影响,以及草地基础设施建设投入不足和管理滞后,草地逆向演替,使得优良牧草逐年减少,毒草趁机大量繁衍滋生,造成草地大面积沙化和毒草化,致使大量家畜每年因误食毒草而中毒,甚至死亡。特别是近几十年来,草地毒草的迅速蔓延,造成草地植被群落和生物多样性减少,植被单一化,可食牧草急剧减少、草产量下降,草地退化和毒草化程度加剧。严重制约了草地畜牧业经济的持续发展,部分牧区天然草地毒草化已导致毒害草灾害多发、频发,甚至爆发,已经从基本的生态学问题上升为一个社会问题。新疆是中国主要牧区之一,天然草地总面积5 725.88万hm2,可利用草地面积4 800.68万hm2,位居全国第三。目前85.0%可利用天然草地出现不同程度的退化,37.50%草地严重退化,毒草发生面积接近700万hm2,约占全国天然草地毒草危害面积的20.42%,年平均牲畜毒草中毒死亡数超过3 000余头(只)。新疆天然草地常见有毒植物有81种分属24科54属,对草地畜牧业造成严重危害的主要有白喉乌头、准噶尔乌头、醉马芨芨草、小花棘豆、变异黄芪、无叶假木贼、马先蒿、橐吾和毒芹,约占毒草危害总面积的80%以上。因此,全面了解新疆天然草地毒草灾害状况、毒草种类与地理分布,对有效防控和化解毒草危害,提高草地生产力和牧草品质,促进牧区畜牧业的可持续发展和农牧民增收,繁荣边疆少数民族经济,维护生态环境平衡具有重要意义。本文在对已报道文献资料分析、归纳的基础上,结合课题组对新疆天然草地毒草实际调查情况,分别就近年来新疆天然草地毒草对区域草地生态及畜牧业生产造成的灾害状况、毒草种类与地理分布、毒草防控对策及合理利用进行综述。在此基础上,结合课题组多年来致力于中国西部毒草防控研究现状,分析了新疆天然草地目前存在毒草种类繁多、灾害严重、防治困难等问题及原因,提出应从生态角度出发,转变传统防除观念,科学认识毒草,立足"变害为利,变废为宝",生态保护与开发利用并重的思路,学习借鉴美国等发达国家在有毒植物预防控制技术方面的成功经验,以生态控制为主多种手段相结合的综合防控技术预防毒草灾害发生,以期为人们充分认识毒草在天然草地中的生态作用以及有效防控毒草灾害提供基础资料。

Natural grassland is the material basis for the development of husbandry in the minority area, and it is also a veryimportant component to maintain the balance of natural ecological environment in Xinjiang. For a long time, because of drought, severe overgrazing, blind reclamation, population increase and other natural and man-made factors, as well as inadequate infrastructure construction and lagging management of the grass, high-quality forage is decreasing year by year and poisonous weeds are fast spreading, leading to grasslands reverse succession and contagious poisonous weeds, widespread desertification, destroying the balance of natural ecological environment, and a large number of livestock poisoning even death due to grazed poisonous weeds mistakenly. Especially in recent decades, the rapid spreading of poisonous weeds have caused the reduction of grassland vegetation and biodiversity, the simplification of vegetation, decline of grass yield, and the degeneration of natural grassland with edible pasture grass, instead of more different levels of degraded grasslands even severe contagious poisonous weeds. In some regions, the grassland poisoned has led to the poisonous grass disaster take place frequently, even broke out, which have increased from the basic ecological problem to a social problem, seriously affected the local social stability and grassland ecological security. At present, more than 85% available natural grasslands are degenerating to a greater or lesser extent and 37.50% of them are severely degraded, with an poisonous weeds disaster area of nearly 700 million hm2, which has accounted for 20.42% of the total hazard area of natural grassland of the country, and the annual death number of animals with poisoning is more than 3000 in average. Xinjiang natural grassland contains common poisonous plants of 81 species, 24 families and 54 genera. Among them, the Aconitum carmichaeli, Aconitum soongaricum, Achnatherum inebrians, Oxytropis glabra, Astragalus variabilis, Anabasis aphylla, Pedicularis, Ligularia sibirica and Cucuta virosa are more serious harmful poisonous weeds to grassland animal husbandry, which accounted for approximately more than 80% of the total poisonous weeds hazard area. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of poisonous weeds disaster situation in natural grassland of Xinjiang, weed species and geographic distribution, the effective prevention and control, the solution of the poisonous weeds disaster, is of great significance to improve the grassland productivity and forage quality, promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry in pastoral areas and farmers’ income, flourishing frontier minority economy and stabilize the ecological environment balance. According to the analysis and summary of data reported and results of the project group actually investigated in Xinjiang natural grasslands, the disaster situation, species of poisonous weeds and geographical distribution, prevention and control measures and reasonable utilization are reviewed. The disaster condition of regional grassland ecological and animal husbandry production caused by the poisonous grass, main poisonous grass species, geographic distribution and damage area of natural grassland in Xinjiang is summarized, respectively. At the same time, on the basis of the project team dedicated to the prevention and control of the China’s western poisonous grass research for many years, the existing problems and reasons of poisonous grass varieties, severe disasters, difficulty of prevention and treatment in natural grassland of Xinjiang were analyzed. The authors put forward some thoughts that from the angle of the ecology, the traditional control idea should be changed to strengthen the research of poisonous plant biology, ecology, toxicology characteristics, prevention and control of poisoning disease as well as comprehensive utilization etc. Thus it is helpful for us to understand the scientific poisonous weeds. Based on the principle of ＂change harm into good, make waste profitable＂, place equal stress on ecological protection and development and utilization, study and learn from the successful technologies in prevention and control of poisonous plants in developed countries such as USA, take comprehensive prevention and control technology that ecological control means combined with other multiple methods to prevent poisonous weeds disaster, thus providing people with the basic information to know and research of the main poisonous weeds in natural grasslands in Xinjiang.