构境之途:明清文学批评中的奇境理论

The Fantastic Situation Theory in the Literary Criticism of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

"奇境"是明清文学批评中的重要范畴。关于文学奇境问题,唐宋诗学虽有所注意,但未直接使用"奇境"一词,对之的理论认识也未成系统。明清以来,文学批评对于诗、文、小说及戏曲的奇境建构,有了较为全面而深入的探讨,形成了文学构境理论。在构境之途上,明清文学批评主张诗歌以"险"构奇境,文章以"变"构奇境,小说戏曲以"幻"构奇境。这种理论主张,注意到了不同文体在奇境建构上的差异性,兼顾了不同文体的特点,其中又折射出特定的审美意识。明清文学批评主张诗歌之险要不悖于自然,文章之变要合于理法,小说戏曲之幻要不失于艺术真实,这些观点符合文学创作的基本规律,具有理论的普适性,对于今天的文学构境依然具有借鉴意义。

＂Fantastic situation＂ was an important category comprehensively and profoundly studied in the literary criticism of Ming and Qing dynasties, leading to the formation of literary situating theory. This criticism noticed the differences in the situating for different genres, reflecting a special sense of aesthetics. It advocated that all the changes and fantasies in the literary forms should comply with nature and reality. These viewpoints, both obeying the basic laws of literary creation and possessing theoretical applicability, can be used for reference in today＇s literary situating.