汉代国家统治机构中的“司马”

On the Role of “Sima”in the Bureaucratic Establishment of Han Dynasty

作为武官的司马,广泛存在于汉代官制的诸多系统中,数量十分惊人。它们属于汉代官僚系统的中下级官吏,是帝国统治秩序得以维持的骨干力量。通观两汉历史,司马职官一直都有设置,有着自己的命名规则、广泛的职权、不同的秩级和众多属官,这些复杂的情况正说明了司马职官在汉代国家统治机构中的地位。自西汉到东汉,司马也呈现出数量逐步增加、职权范围或种类日渐扩大和地位缓慢下降的变化。

Sima was an official position for officers existing in great numbers in a variety of systems under the state organ of Han Dynasty. As medium and low ranked officers in the Han bureaucratic system,they were the backbone for the maintenance of the rule of the empire. The post of Sima had existed throughout the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties,with their own naming rules,extensive power,different ranks and numerous subordinate officers. These complex situations indicated the substantial position of Sima in the Han Dynasty. But there were still changes in some specific aspects,such as the increasing number of mandates,growing specification of function and the slow decline in status.