清初苏州的道教与民间信仰--穹窿山施道渊的个案

Daoism and Local Cults in Early Qing Suzhou: A Case Study of Qionglongshan

清初苏州道士施道渊(1617—1678)的有关文献记载颇丰,为研究正统道教与当地民间信仰之间的关系,特别是道教神祠与"灵媒"信仰之间的关系,提供了独一无二的例证。本文梳理这方面的研究现状之后,介绍了施道渊的有关文献,特别是他如何应对地方信仰,尤其是"五通"崇拜的有关史料。施道渊常应苏州当地士绅之邀,主持禳灾祛邪的仪式。在这个过程中,他不仅役使经典道教雷法传统上的各类"武神",同时还将地方神明纳入其神役体系。因此,像"五通"这类具有"正邪"两面性的神明,在某种程度上被"驯服",变得更容易被人接受。这是一个漫长的过程:现有的田野调查显示,尽管"五通"仍然具有一定的边缘性,但是整体上已被纳入了主流道教。

The richly documented life of Shi Daoyuan （1617--1678） provides a unique case study of the relationship between elite Daoist institutions and local cults, particularly spirit-medium cults. The article discusses current research on this topic before introducing Shi and the sources for his dealings with local cults, notably the Wutong. Shi was often called by members of the local elites in Suzhou to perform exorcisms. In this process, Shi not only employed martial gods from the classical Daoist thunder rites traditions, but also incorporated local gods into his pantheon. As a result, ambivalent gods such as the Wutong were to some extent tamed and made more acceptable. Such a process developed over the long term; present fieldwork shows that the Wutong are still partly marginal but have been nonetheless quite thoroughly integrated within mainstream Daoism.