以形成权限制法理研究不可抗辩条款

Study on the Incontestable Articles from the View of Forming Right Restriction

形成权限制理论围绕着形成权行使的控制,形成了一系列富有内在逻辑的制度,从而对解除权、撤销权等形成权的行使实现法律矫正。本文试图将保险法上的不可抗辩条款,纳入传统大陆法的形成权限制理论进行研究,指出源自英美法的不可抗辩条款,乃对保险人解除权的限制,在制度设计上,应当遵循形成权限制的法理。包括应当以除斥期间为中心限制保险人解除权,忽略知晓、欺诈及保险险种等因素的影响,避免法理认识上的混乱。在确立不可抗辩条款的同时,应当明确无效合同、被保险人生存和未缴保费等事项与不可抗辩条款的适用无关,特别解约权亦并不与不可抗辩条款相冲突。在不可抗辩条款的具体设计上,可根据险种的不同、投保方主观状态的善意、恶意区分,设置不同的除斥期间。

Forming right restriction is a theory from civil law means that unilateral right of one party should be restricted. This theory has been accepted as a traditional rule on Continental Legal System. The theory has its own logic system focus on how to control the operation of unilateral right. This essay is trying to put the incontestable articles, which is a rule from Anglo-American Legal System, in traditional Continental theory. This research will help us find more accurate format for legislation of incontestable articles. The author`s conclusion is the incontestable rules have to follow the theory of forming right restriction. So that, time limitation is the most important restriction on insurer`s right to cancel the contract. But some other factors like awareness, cheat, and sort of contract can all be ignored. Except that, the topic of invalid contract insured alive, premium payment and special cancellation are all unrelated to contestable articles. Finally, the period of time limitation should be decided according to sort of insurance and intentions of insured.