环境司法区域化审判模式的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Territorialized Trial Mode of Environmental Judicature

本文选取了瑞典土地与环境法庭、新西兰土地环境法院和澳大利亚新南威尔士土地与环境法院以及印度国家绿色法庭四个实行了区域化审判的专门环境审判机构,通过逐个介绍、要素比较和案例分析的方法进行比较研究。前三个专门环境审判机构的环境审判模式被公认为是成功的实践,它们的共同点是拥有法律上的"综合"管辖权和地域上的"集中"管辖权。印度借鉴它们的经验也在2010年对其环境司法进行改革,其有效性仍有待观察。综合且集中的审判模式是专门环境审判机构成功的关键。但根据本文比较的四个环境审判机构的成功经验,要使综合其集中的审判模式真正有效还需要对专门环境审判机构在该国/该地区的环境监管与执法体系有明确的定位,这一点正是我国目前探索环境司法体制改革最需要关注和借鉴的。

This paper conducts introduction, elements comparison and case analysis on the four judicial organs specialized on environmental issues with territorialized trial. They are Sweden's Land and Environmental Courts, New Zealand's Land and Environmental Court, the Land and Environmental Court of New South Wales Australia and the National Green Tribunal(NGT) of India. The trial modes of the first three are agreeably considered as successful practice which all own comprehensive jurisdiction in law and 'centralized' jurisdiction in territory. India learnt from the three and reformed its environmental judicature but its efficiency is to be observed. The comprehensive and centralized trial mode is the key to the success of the trial organs specialized in environmental cases. The successful experience of the above four trial organs shows that a clear position of the special trial organ in its country or region's environmental supervision and law-enforcement system determines the final effect of the comprehensive and centralized trial mode, which should be the main concern and learning point in the recent exploration of environmental judicature reform in China.