我国亲子关系诉讼中推定规则适用之实践观察与反思

Practical Analysis and Rethink about Presumption Rules in Parenthood Litigation in China

我国《婚姻法解释(三)》首次规定亲子关系诉讼中的推定规则,该规定结束了长期以来各界关于能否适用推定认定亲子关系的争论,将亲子关系诉讼中的事实推定上升为法律推定。然而,观察三年来亲子关系诉讼中推定规则的适用状况,发现裁判者对其适用范围、适用条件以及原告范围等问题理解不同,导致实践中同案不同判现象频现。对此,既要在理论层面使裁判者明确亲子关系诉讼中推定的逻辑结构和法律效果,正确处理推定与亲子鉴定在亲子关系认定问题上的适用关系并合理配置双方当事人的程序性权利义务;又要在民事立法层面建构完善的亲子关系推定及强制认领制度,保障亲子关系诉讼中推定规则的有效实施。

The Judicial Explanation III of Marriage Law stipulates the presumption rules of the parenthood litigation in China for the first time,which has put an end to the controversy that whether the presumption rules can be applied in parenthood litigation over a long period of time and has elevated factual presumption to legal presumption in parenthood litigation. However,after the three years＇ application of presumption rules in parenthood litigation,there exists a phenomenon that judges have different understandings towards some questions such as the application scope of presumption,the application conditions of presumption,the scope of the plaintiff and so on,which lead to different judgments for similar cases occurring frequently. In view of this,on the one hand,judges should definite the presumption＇s logical construction and legal effect to make sure the applied relationships between presumption and paternity testing on the issue of cognizance of parenthood can be correctly dealt with and the parties＇ procedural rights and obligations can be rationally allocated; on the other hand,perfect parenthood presumption regime and forcible claim regime should be constructed through civil legislation to guarantee the effective implementation of the presumption rules in parenthood litigation.