中日农地制度的交汇与分野:兼论当代中国农地制度的改革方向

Convergence and Differentiation of Farmland System Between China and Japan: The Reform Direction of Farmland System in Contemporary China

研究目的:从历史视角分析中日两国农地制度,寻求当代中国农地制度演变的趋势和改革方向。研究方法:历史分析法,对比分析法。研究结果:中日两国农地制度经过两次交汇与分野。以均田制和班田制为特征形成了第一次历史交汇;其后中国向着封建小农经营制度发展,而日本则走向庄园制度;应仁之乱后,日本的农地制度再一次与中国交汇于封建小农经营;面临西方工业文明冲击,中日两国农地制度分野于社会主义公有制和资本主义私有制。两国农地制度的历史演变表明,作为内因的国内社会经济发展状况和作为外因的国际环境共同影响着农地制度的选择。研究结论:当代日本在模仿西方私有制的农地利用实践中,结合国内历史传统和人多地少的国情,创造性地发展了具有日本特色的合作化家庭农场制度。借鉴日本经验,重新构建农村权威力量,在政府和市场外发挥合作社对农地配置和利用的第三方力量,建立现代家庭联产承包责任制是当代中国农地制度改革的方向。

The purpose of this paper is to seek the trend of evolution and the direction of reform of farmland system in contemporary China from a historical perspective by analyzing the trend of farmland system in China and Japan. Methods employed include historical analysis and comparative analysis. The results include that Chinese and Japanese farmland systems have experienced two times of convergence and differentiation. Characterized by Courses Tin system and Equalization system formed the first historical convergence. Then the change towards the feudal small-scale management system in China was different from that the manor system in Japan. After the Onin War, Japan once again joined in the feudal small-scale management similar as China. Facing the impact of western industrial civilization, the two countries differenced again regarding to the socialist public ownership and the capitalist private ownership of farmland system. The historical evolution of Chinese and Japanese farmland system shows that both the internal and external factors-domestic socio-economic development and the international environment-affect the choice of the common farmland system. It is concluded that combining with the historical traditions and the conditions of vast population and limited farmland creatively develop the co-operative family farm system in Japan during the country adopted the western private ownership of land use in practice. Given the experience of Japan, to rebuild rural authority forces, to play configuration of cooperative farmland by outsizing the government and the market, and to establish a modern household contract responsibility system by third-party forces may be the reform direction of farmland system in contemporary China.