国外核情报与苏联原子弹的研制——基于俄罗斯解密档案文献的研究

Foreign Nuclear Intelligence and the Soviet Development of the Atom Bomb:Research Based on Declassified Russian Documents

1949年8月29日,苏联成功进行第一颗原子弹爆炸试验,此时,距1945年7月16日美国第一颗原子弹爆炸试验成功仅隔四年。从1998年开始,由俄罗斯科学院、俄罗斯联邦总统办公厅、俄罗斯联邦国防部、俄罗斯联邦对外情报局等机构参与编辑的官方解密档案文献资料汇编《苏联核计划:文献资料》表明,自1941年起,苏联驻外情报机构先后从英美政府官员和核科学家手中获取了大量核情报,内容涉及核材料的物理化学特性及生产工艺、原子弹的构造原理及制造技术等一系列重要的理论和应用性问题,不仅促使苏联领导人不失时机地做出启动原子弹研制计划的重大战略决策,而且帮助苏联科学家争分夺秒地找到完成原子弹研制计划的可靠技术途径,从而大大缩短了苏联第一颗原子弹的研制时间。

On August 29,1949,the USSR successfully exploded its first atom bomb,only four years after the first US atom bomb explosion on July 16,1945.The Soviet Atomic Project:Documentation and Memorial is a collection of declassified official documents compiled from1998 on by the Russian Academy of Sciences,the Office of the President,the Defense Department,the Russian Intelligence Service etc.,starting from 1998.The collection indicates that Soviet foreign intelligence successively obtained large amounts of information from American and British officials and nuclear scientists from 1941 on,covering important theories and applications such as the general physical and chemical properties of nuclear material and its production techniques and the principles behind the construction of the bomb and the technology for making it.This not only prompted the Soviet leadership to lose no time in taking the major strategic decision to develop the atom bomb,but also helped Soviet scientists race against time in finding a reliable route to completing the project,thereby greatly shortening the time required for the development of the first Soviet atom bomb.