意识哲学的发展路径——由自我、他我到无我

Philosophy of Consciousness and Yogacara:from Ego and Alter Ego to Anatman

意识哲学研究可以追溯到两千多年前。古希腊的灵魂学说、中医的本神学说与佛教的唯识学,都是古代的意识哲学形态。19世纪以前的意识哲学研究方法,以抽象的哲学思辨为主。20世纪以来,随着自然科学成为探求真理的主导方法论,认知科学发展出了意识的科学研究,并试图取代哲学的意识理论。然而,事实证明:哲学的第一人称视角、认知科学的第三人称视角,都有其自身难以克服的局限性,而佛学不仅给意识哲学带来了第三种视角(即无我),还带来了深层意识觉察的训练方法与理论启发。21世纪的意识哲学,将是古代与现代、多学科与多视角融合的哲学研究。

The study on philosophy of consciousness has a history of more than 2000 years. The theory of soul in ancient Greek, the theory of Shen in the traditional Chinese medicine and the Buddhist Yogaeara are all the ancient forms of philosophy of consciousness. The abstract and philosophical speculation was the domi- nant method to explore the philosophy of consciousness before the 19th century. Since the 20th century, with the natural science being the dominant method to explore truth, the cognitive science developed the scientific research of consciousness and attempted to take the place of philosophy. However, it seems that both the first- person perspective of philosophy and the third-person perspective of cognitive science have their problems which can＇t be solved by themselves. Buddhism brings not only the third perspective （i. e. Anatman） into con- sciousness philosophy, but also the training method to improve the awareness of deep consciousness and theo- retical inspiration. The future philosophy of consciousness will be the philosophical research binding the ancient and the modem philosophical studies, and the multiple disciplines and perspectives with each other.