“边塞”与“旗员”:清代陕甘总督群体结构特征考论

A Study on the Structure Characteristic of the Shangan Viceroy Group in Qing Dynasty

陕甘总督是清代常设定制八总督之一,为陕甘两省最高军政长官,掌控西北边防战略基地陕甘两省。因此重要军政地位,自康熙七年起,定山陕督抚专用满员,雍正元年,又改参用蒙古及汉军。相比于其他常设定制总督,陕甘总督群体结构呈现鲜明的个性特点,因陕甘总督专用满员的规制,满洲出身,特别是上三旗出身的满洲官员成为陕甘总督群体的主体。与清代满汉关系的演变轨迹相一致,陕甘总督群体的结构特征呈现鲜明的阶段性特征。清前期主用满洲,自嘉庆以降,汉人逐渐增多,至同光时期,湘系将帅基本垄断陕甘总督一职。陕甘总督群体结构特征既是清代督抚制度发展演变的表征,也是清代满汉关系历史走向的风向标。

Shangan Viceroy was an important part of the Viceroy system in Qing Dynasty. Comparing with the other systematic viceroy,Shangan Viceroy has its own traits. Because its importance in the North- West Frontier Defence System of Qing Dynasty,the Viceroy of Shan- xi and Shan- xi Province had unique rule from Kang- xi emperor,Man- zhou ethnic official had been the majority of Shangan Viceroy. The structure characteristic of the Shangan Viceroy group in Qing Dynasty was the characteristic of Viceroy System and the relations between the Man- zhou ethnic and Han ethnic.