日本、美国等国家防震减灾法律法规制度比较研究

Comparative research on the laws and regulations related to earthquake prevention in the United States,Japan and other countries

日本、美国作为全球地震高发区,分别制定了相对完善的法律法规体系,并积累了防震减灾制度建设方面的丰富经验。本文首先收集与梳理日本、美国等国家相关的防震减灾法制体系。分析日、美等国家政府部门管理、社会管理及全民参与的体制与机制。以日本为例,分析日本在防灾对策强化区的基本思路。最后从我国的基本国情出发,提出适合我国重点监视防御区工作的建议,即:1重防区的确定、相应的法律法规制定及信息的公布;2提高重防区的监测、预测、房屋抗震和应急救援能力;3提高公众防灾抗灾意识;4增加地震预测、烈度速报与预警系统方面的财政投入;5地震保险业的推广。

As the worldwide earthquake-prone regions, the United States and Japan have established the adequate laws and regulations respectively, also the experience in earth- quake prevention and disaster reduction were accumulated. In this paper, we interpret the relative systems in the two countries firstly. Then, we analyze the systems and mechanisms of the government management, social management and participation by all people. Addi- tionally, taking the Japan as an example, we analyzed the basic ideas in the policy reinforced regions in Japan. Finally, we propose the suggestions suiting to the China＇s national condi tion. （1）determination of the key area under surveillance, the relevant laws and regulations and the information disclosure; （2）enhancement of the monitoring, predicting, anti-seismic building and emergency rescue capabilities; （3）improving of the public consciousness on disas- ter; （4）more financial investment in earthquake prediction, intensity rapid reporting and early warning system;（5）generalization of earthquake insurance.