心性多样论:心身问题的一种解答

Diversity of Mind:An Answer to the Mind-Body Problem

已有的心身问题研究忽视了心在样式、构成上的多样性和性质上的差异性,误把心当作一个东西或单一体或单子性存在,从而对心的本质作了片面的把握。心和身一样是矛盾复合体,包含形式多样、性质各异的心理个例和样式,因此要揭示心的本质,必须遵循从个别到一般的认识路线,先全面考察各种心理样式、个例及其性质,再以此为基础概括它们的共性和心的一般本质。在揭示心身关系时,既应重视不同心理样式、个例与具体的身体构成的关系,又应探讨作为整体的心与身的关系。就本体论地位而言,诸心理样式既享有第二性的、亚实存的存在地位,同时又在存在方式和程度上有重大差异,因此不能简单地说它是什么或不是什么。由此,心身之间的关系至少涉及四类:作为整体的心与身的关系,整体的心与体内诸构成要素的关系,诸心理样式与身体诸构成部分的关系,诸心理样式与作为整体的身的关系。

The existing research on the mind-body problem overlooks the diversity of patterns and constituents of mind and differences in their nature,mistaking mind for a thing,a singularity or a unitary existence,thus obtaining a one-sided grasp of the nature of mind.Both mind and body are a compound of contradictions,containing mental tokens and patterns with diverse forms and natures.To reveal the nature of mind,we must follow the epistemological path from the singular to the general and comprehensively examine various mental patterns and tokens and their natures,and on this basis make generalizations about their commonalities and the nature of mind.In revealing the relations of mind and body,we should not only stress the relations of different mental patterns and tokens and concrete bodily composition,but should also explore the relations of mind and body as a whole.As to the position of ontology,while mental forms enjoy a secondary,sub-existential position,great differences remain between them in terms of existential manner and extent,so we cannot simply say what is or what is not.Hence there are four kinds of mind-body relations:the relationship between mind and body as a whole;the relationship between mind as a whole and the constituents of the body;the relationship between mental patterns and the components of the body;and the relationship between mental patterns and the body as a whole.