清季的历史教科书与线性历史观的构建

The History Textbooks and the Construction of Linear Historical Idea in the Late Qing Dynasty

清季,伴随新学制、新学堂的建立,各类教科书在教育领域特别是基础教育领域开始发挥重要作用,历史教科书也不例外。较之中国悠久的传统史学著述,历史教科书这一具有新体裁、新功能的历史撰述,带有明显的时代特色,其中线性历史观的凸显,就是特色之一。线性历史观在当时历史教科书中的表现可谓多种多样,如历史分期中的线性时间观、直线发展的进化史观、单线的历史因果论、民族国家叙事的历史目的论,等等。探讨线性历史观何以呈现于教科书,固然离不开其时西学笼罩的整体学术氛围,离不开日本学者所编教科书之历史观念的影响和中国"新史学"运动的作用,但也不能忽略对中国史学传统中固有的线性历史观因素的考索。

Along w ith the establishment of a new education system and a new school,all kinds of textbooks including history textbooks started to play an important role in the field of education in the late Qing Dynasty. Compared w ith the traditional Chinese history w orks,the history textbooks,w hich are new genres and have new functions of historical narration,had some obvious characteristics and the linear historical ideal w as one of theses characteristics. The linear historical idea had been realized in the history textbooks in a variety of aspects such as the linear division of the historical stages,the linear historical view of evolution,the one-w ay causal-effect historical theory and the historical teleology of nation-state narrative. Why w as the linear historical idea realized in the textbooks? The reasons are many. M ajor ones include the dominance of w estern studies in the academia at that time,the influence of Japanese historical ideas in their history textbooks and the impact of Chinese 'new history'in the late Qing Dynasty. Besides,linear historical idea in the traditional Chinese history also counts.