自由与历史:黑格尔与马克思自由观之比较——以卡尔·波普尔的批判为视角的一种考察

Freedom and History:Comparing the Notion of Freedom of Hegel and Marx from the Perspective of Karl Popper's Critique

卡尔·波普尔对黑格尔和马克思的批判以自由与历史的关系为切入点,在这一批判中,波普尔将两者简单等同。然而黑格尔与马克思在这一问题上存在着巨大的差异:黑格尔的自由作为真理和世界历史的实现是无限的、静态的、完成的,并囿于哲学视域中的自由,因此是整体自由的代表。而马克思的自由则侧重于"解放",关注于现实社会人的生存状态的改变,因此是以限定为前提的现实自由,它更关注于如何实现自由,并在保持彼岸的自由与此岸的必然王国之间张力的基础上凸显自由作为一种实践的本质。马克思的自由以此区别于自由主义传统中的个体自由观念。马克思自由观作为介于整体自由与个体自由之间的第三条道路具有特殊的理论价值。

This study compares the notion of freedom of Hegel and M arx from the perspective of Karl Popper'critique. Popper started his critique by connecting the tw o philosophers' notion of freedom w ith history,and he simply regarded the tw o notions as the same. How ever,Hegel and M arx are very different in understanding the notion. To Hegel,the notion of freedom equals to the truth and realization of World History,w hich is infinite,static,complete,and thus positive; in the view of M arx,the freedom stresses not being free to do something,but being free from something,w hich is relatively negative. To M arx,w hat's the most important about freedom is how to realize it,and how to act in the gap betw een kingdom of freedom and kingdom of necessity,all of w hich makes the freedom of M arx a notion of real practice. Practice in M arx 's view of freedom also distinguishes his notion from the conventional notion of individual freedom. As a third alternative path among collective freedom and individual freedom,M arx's notion is of uniquely theoretical value.