西漢御史大夫寺位置的變遷:兼論御史大夫的職掌

The Move of the Court of Censor in chief during the Western Han China:A Discussion on the Functions of Censor in chief

本文據漢代出入宫廷的門籍制度,分析史料,推斷西漢後期,御史大夫寺已不在皇帝居住的未央宫内,並改稱御史府。外遷時間在昭帝朝,起因是元鳳元年(前80)九月,御史大夫桑弘羊捲入燕王旦、蓋主以及上官桀父子的謀反。平息此事後,霍光借機將御史大夫寺遷到宫外,並在宫中與諸卿中大力安插自己的親信故吏,乃至子弟。這一事件成爲霍光獨攬大權的關鍵。御史及御史大夫原先的重要職責是制定律令草案、保管律令與監督律令的執行。隨着西漢政權百餘年來律令建設的積累,以及統治思想的變化,制定律令的任務逐漸弱化。御史府的外遷是其外朝官化的起點,這進一步使之成爲丞相的輔佐,參與日常事務的處理,留在宫中的中丞與侍御史則轉爲以監察爲主。《漢書·百官公卿表上》所述乃是轉變後的職掌與設置。

Based on the sources concerning the working of entrance registration on emperor's Palaces,this article argues that the court of Censor in chief had been moved out of the Weiyang Palace where the emperor resided at certain time during the later years of the Western Han. And the direct reason resulting in this change was that Sang Hongyang,the current censor in chief,was involved into the failed coup plotted by the siblings of Emperor Zhao and Shangguan Jie and his son during the lunar September of 80 BCE. Having suppressed the coup,Huo Guang,the general in chief regent during the reign of Emperor Zhao,drove the court of Censor in chief out of its original place within the Forbidden Palace,and then appointed his followers or former subordinates on those key positions falling vacant due to the clampdown after the coup. And this accident became the turning point of his career as the actual supreme ruler. Moreover,with being out of emperor's Palace and the gradually shifting of ruling ideologies,Censor in chief's functions transformed from focusing on the statutes,such as drafting the entries of statutes,keeping them,and supervising the use of statutes within daily administration,into helping Counselor in chief to deal with everyday affairs. The duty of the Palace aide to Censor in chief and attendant censors kept within the palace after the move of its main organ,then,turned to focus on monitoring the worksof all senior officers,which was recorded in the vol. 19 A of the Standard History of the Western Han(《漢書》).