清代霞浦“靈源法師”考論

On“Master Lingyuan”in Xiapu County of the Qing Dynasty

本文考察近年霞浦發現的一些重要科儀鈔本,認爲清代康雍年間,霞浦尚存在自命"靈源法師"、結壇操辦民間法事的小羣體,彼等自稱承傳明門科典,甚至曾欲重亮明門旗號,然時運不濟,不得不另行依托當地民間信仰。該羣體利用華夏主流宗教和當地鄉土信仰資源,與摩尼教等夷教遺經雜糅,製作一些科儀文檢,以供各類齋醮儀式使用。從彼等所傳留的鈔本,可見霞浦明教在清代已與當地鄉土信仰匯流。雍正王朝之後,法壇組織解體,原有科典爲若干個體法師所占有,彼等利用該等科典並采入其他教門文檢,作爲世襲謀生的工具。

The paper,mainly on some important ritual manuscripts newly discovered in Xiapu,states that in the period of Kangxi and Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty(1662 1735)a community self addressed as Master Lingyuan still practiced folk rites in Xiapu area.The followers there claimed they had classics of Mingjiao and even attempted to reconstruct the religion,but they had to integrate themselves with local beliefs under the unfavorable condition at that time. This community employed the elements of Chinese mainstream religions,folk beliefs and foreign religions such as Manichaeism,and composed some new manuscripts for various rites. These ritual manuscripts show that Mingjiao of Xiapu was already integrated itself with local beliefs in the Qing Dynasty. After the reign of Yongzheng emperor(1678 1735),the community was dissolved and the manuscripts were privately kept by some individual masters who continued to mix them with some factors borrowed from other beliefs aiming to use them as the tools seeking livelihood for generations.