清季袁世凯开缺问题研究

Yuan Shikai's Deposition in Late Qing Dynasty

关于1909年袁世凯开缺回籍问题,学界深入探讨了其缘由,但对袁世凯遭罢黜之前的史实梳理尚显薄弱,特别是对袁世凯五十大寿及其影响重视不够。在清末统治岌岌可危的情况下,袁世凯五十大寿的排场、造势之大,刺中了清廷上层年轻贵胄们的心。因此,慈禧、光绪过世之后,这些年轻贵胄就肆无忌惮地把矛头对准袁世凯。其次,对袁世凯开缺之后的社会舆论反应亦注意不够,报刊舆论对袁世凯开缺的认识与同情,正好为袁世凯赚足了社会声望。最出乎清廷意料的是外国媒体所表现的惋惜与遗憾,而此正为之后历史发展埋下深刻的伏笔。放逐袁世凯加重了清末以来本已缓和的满汉畛域,导致满汉官僚矛盾激化,是清朝快速走向灭亡的重要原因。

Regarding Yuan Shikai＇s deposition in 1909, there are already in-depth researches on the reasons for his deposition, butfew scholars pay attention to the historical facts before the deposition, especially Yuan＇s fif tieth birthday, and public opinions af ter the deposition. The sumptuous and high-profile celebration of Yuan＇s fiftieth birthday had offended young Manchu aristocrats. After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu emperor, these aristocrats began to fightback. However, after being deposed, Yuan had earned considerable social prestige because of sympathy from newspapers. More surprisingly to the Qing government, international media showed regrets. The deposition of Yuan caused increased conflicts between Manchus and Han officials, which had been briefly alleviated in the late Qing dynasty, and led to the more rapid fall of the Qing dynasty.