生态产品价值评估问题探讨

Study on the Ecological Product Value Assessment

对生态产品进行价值评估涉及到三大问题:一是需要明确什么是生态产品;二是采用什么样的评估框架结构和指标体系;三是对于每一个具体的指标,采用何种方法进行估算。本文在考察相关学术文献和政府文件后,用一个连续统一体模型阐述了生态产品概念,指出人们观察生态产品采用了不同角度,更反映出人们对生态产品认识的深化过程。本文认为,评估广义意义上的生态产品价值,需要从两个方面进行拓展:一是改造现行的静态模型,构建生态与经济相联系的动态模型;二是将重点由生态产品价值的计量转向生态产品的数量和质量的边际变化对人类福利的影响。基于此,本文列出了九种可以用于评估生态产品价值的框架结构类型方法,他们是:单项指标框架、多维支柱框架、间接驱动力-直接驱动力-生态产品-人类福祉变化框架(IDEHC)、目标-指数-联系框架、压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架、驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架、问题领域框架、分部门框架和空间分维框架,并重点介绍了前三种框架模型。对于具体的问题,应根据价值评估使用目的、评估的成本和收益、保持评估过程的开放性与动态性等原则选用相应的评估框架类型。依据市场化程度,可以采用的评估技术和方法有直接市场法、替代市场法和意愿调查法三大类。具体而言,直接市场法主要有成本法、生产率变动法、恢复费用法或重置成本法、影子项目法,替代市场法主要有旅行成本法、内涵价格法、防护费用法或规避行为法,意愿调查法主要有投标博弈法、权衡博弈法、优先性评价法、Delph法等。

To assess the value of eco-product involves three big problems： first, what is eco-products need to be clear; second, what kind of assessment framework and indicator system should be use; third, which methods should be adopted for estimating each specific targets. Through studying relevant academic literatures and government documents, this paper uses a continuum model to expound the coo-product concept, and this reflects that people observe the ecological product using different perspectives and deepen the understanding process on ecological products. The paper argues that the generalized eeo-product value assessment should be expanded from two aspects： One is to transform the existing static model into the dynamic one with ecology and economy linked; the other one is to turn the study from focusing from measuring the coo-product value to studying the marginal changes in the quantity and quality of the eco-products impact on human well-being. Based on this, the paper lists nine assessment framework models that can be used to assess the eeo-product value, they are ： single index framework, multi-dimensional pillar framework, indirect driving force-direct driving force- ecological product-human well-being change framework （ IDEHC ）, goal-index-connection framework, pressure-state-response （PSR） framework, the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response （DPSIR） framework, the problem domain framework, subsector framework and spatial dimension framework, and the paper emphasizes the first three ones. For the specific problem, the corresponding evaluation framework model should be chosen in accordance with the principles of the value assessment goals, the costs and benefits of assessment, and maintaining the open and dynamic assessment process. According to the degree of market-oriented, the assessment approaches can be divided into the direct market method, substitution market method and contingent valuation method （ CVM ）. Specifically, the direct market method mainly includes cost method, productivity change method, replacement cost method, shadow project method, and substitution market method mainly includes travel cost method, hedonic price method, prevention cost method, and CVM mainly has the bidding game method, weighing game method, priority evaluation method and Delph method.