刘勰的“赋比兴”论及其承前启后意义

Liu Xie's Theory of “Fu,Bi and Xing”and Its Historical and Realistic Significance

"赋比兴"是《周礼·大师》中作为"六诗"、《毛诗序》中作为"《诗》有六义"提出来的。首先对"赋比兴"同时作出解释的是郑玄,其后是刘熙、挚虞,但释义多出,莫衷一是。刘勰在继承前人阐释成果的基础上,辨彰然否,将"赋"解释为直接的"体物写志"之法,将"比"解释为"比喻",将"兴"解释为"起情"之法,并对"比"的本体与喻体的类别及"比兴"的异同作出了深入分析。刘勰此论奠定了后世"赋比兴"释义的基本走向,宋人李仲蒙将"赋"定义为"叙物以言情",朱熹将"比"解释为"以彼物比此物",将"兴"解释为"先言他物以引起所咏之词",成为关于"赋比兴"的最权威、最合理的解释。

Liu Xie introduced ＂Fu,Bi and Xing＂according to the ＂six styles of poetry＂in The Master of the Rites of the Zhou Dynasty and the view of ＂The Book of Songs contains six types of meaning＂in The Foreword to Mao Heng and Mao Chang＇s Collections of Ancient Poems. Several scholars,such as Zheng Xuan,Liu Xu,and Zhi Yu,offered their own explanations about ＂Fu,Bi and Xing＂but their explanations were varied and different. Based on the former interpretations,Liu Xie absorbed the advantages and deleted the disadvantages,interpreting ＂Fu＂as a direct way of ＂describing things and expressing the mind＂,＂Bi＂as ＂comparison＂and＂Xing＂as the＂way to emote the audience＂. Moreover,he provided the classification of the tenor and vehicle in ＂Bi＂and offered a deep analysis of similarity and difference between ＂Bi＂and ＂Xing＂. Liu Xie＇s theory of ＂Fu,Bi and Xing＂laid out the primary direction of interpreting these notions and has remained as the most authoritative and most reasonable up till now.