法治与权治的悖论——法兰西第三共和国政体再探

The paradox between the rule of law and the rule of power——Revisiting the regime of The Third Repulic of France

1875年宪法通过以后,在法兰西第三共和国国家权力的运作模式中,存在着三对法治与权治的矛盾:法律上总统是国家权力中心,但在实际的政治操作中,总统的权力日益缩小,最终变成了一个礼仪性的角色;法律上内阁只是总统的附属机构,没有独立性,但在议会的支持下内阁成为实际的政府;法律上对议会的倒阁权规定很苛刻,但实际上议会倒阁却极为频繁。认识以上矛盾,对于理解法治文明在各国成长的艰难,会有更深的体会。

After the constitution of 1875 adopted,there are three paradoxs between the rule of law and the rule of power in operational procedures of state power of the Third Republic of France.By the law the president is the center of state power,but in the actual political operations,the President’s power is gradually shrinking,eventually becomes a ceremonial role;On law the cabinet is only the President’s auxiliary without independence,but with the support of parliament the cabinet becomes the actual government;The law strictly limits the power of parliament to bring down a cabinet,but in practice the resignation of cabinet is extremely frequent.Understanding the above contradiction,it will have a deeper experience to understand the difficulty during the development of the civilization of rule of law in countries.